He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but in June 1991 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. [314] Although the 1996 constitution allowed the president to serve two consecutive five-year terms, Mandela had never planned to stand for a second term in office. "[331] Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the foundation discouraged invitations for him to appear at public events and denied most interview requests. The charter was adopted at a June 1955 conference in Kliptown; 3,000 delegates attended the event, which was forcibly closed down by police. [482] Two authorised biographies were later produced by friends of Mandela. He may have had affairs with ANC member Lillian Ngoyi and secretary Ruth Mompati; various individuals close to Mandela in this period have stated that the latter bore him a child. [289] Inspired by the region's economic boom, Mandela sought greater economic relations with East Asia, in particular with Malaysia, although this was prevented by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. [140] Judge Quartus de Wet soon threw out the prosecution's case for insufficient evidence, but Yutar reformulated the charges, presenting his new case from December 1963 until February 1964, calling 173 witnesses and bringing thousands of documents and photographs to the trial. [426] On analysing Mandela's writings, the theologian Dion Forster described him as a Christian humanist, although added that his thought relied to a greater extent on the Southern African concept of Ubuntu than on Christian theology. [72] In March, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing together African, Indian, and communist activists to call a May Day general strike in protest against apartheid and white minority rule. 1996 : Divorces Winnie Mandela. Results 1 to 100 of 1135 . 2001 : Diagnosed with prostate cancer. [92], —Opening words of the Freedom Charter[93], After taking part in the unsuccessful protest to prevent the forced relocation of all black people from the Sophiatown suburb of Johannesburg in February 1955, Mandela concluded that violent action would prove necessary to end apartheid and white minority rule. [190] Although presented globally as a heroic figure, he faced personal problems when ANC leaders informed him that Winnie had set herself up as head of a gang, the "Mandela United Football Club", which had been responsible for torturing and killing opponents—including children—in Soweto. Specifically, it set its sights on alleviating poverty and addressing the massive shortfalls in social services across South Africa.Through its RDP, the South African government funded the creation of jobs, housing and basic health care. [88] In August 1953, Mandela and Tambo opened their own law firm, Mandela and Tambo, operating in downtown Johannesburg. Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. [223] The duo agreed on an interim constitution based on a liberal democratic model, guaranteeing separation of powers, creating a constitutional court, and including a US-style bill of rights; it also divided the country into nine provinces, each with its own premier and civil service, a concession between de Klerk's desire for federalism and Mandela's for unitary government. Afin d’honorer les efforts de Mandela et De Klerk pour mettre fin à l’apartheid, les deux hommes reçoivent le prix Nobel de la Paix en 1993. [232] Mandela devoted much time to fundraising for the ANC, touring North America, Europe and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. In 2011, sitting President Jacob Zuma announced a commission of enquiry into allegations of fraud, corruption, impropriety or irregularity in the Strategic Defence Procurement Packages.The Commission was chaired by Judge Seriti, a judge of the Supreme Court of Appeal and became known as the Seriti Commission. In keeping with earlier agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were given the position of Deputy President. Nelson Mandela was one of 13 children his father had with four different wives, a lawyer, anti-apartheid activist, South African politician, and philanthropist. [95] With the involvement of the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Congress of Democrats, the ANC planned a Congress of the People, calling on all South Africans to send in proposals for a post-apartheid era. [111] On 29 March 1961, six years after the Treason Trial began, the judges produced a verdict of not guilty, ruling that there was insufficient evidence to convict the accused of "high treason", since they had advocated neither communism nor violent revolution; the outcome embarrassed the government. [458], Mandela generated controversy throughout his career as an activist and politician,[459] having detractors on both the right and the radical left. The newly elected National Assembly's first act was to formally elect Mandela as South Africa's first black chief executive. [177] Getting on well with Pollsmoor's commanding officer, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was permitted to create a roof garden;[178] he also read voraciously and corresponded widely, now permitted 52 letters a year. [375] When endorsing violence, he did so because he saw no alternative, and was always pragmatic about it, perceiving it as a means to get his opponent to the negotiating table. [171] Renewed international interest in his plight came in July 1978, when he celebrated his 60th birthday. Nelson Mandela, deputy president and later president of the African National Congress—and president of South Africa—addressing the Special Committee Against Apartheid, convened in his honour at the UN General Assembly, on June 22, 1990, in New York City. Nelson Mandela was elected as the first black president in South Africa on May 10th, 1994; this election was particularly significant because it was the first ever multi-racial, democratic election in the country’s history. [141], Although four of the accused denied involvement with MK, Mandela and the other five accused admitted sabotage but denied that they had ever agreed to initiate guerrilla war against the government. Die Ausstellung „Nelson Mandela zum 100. [252] By 1995, he had entered into a relationship with Graça Machel, a Mozambican political activist 27 years his junior who was the widow of former president Samora Machel. [204][205] Staying at Tutu's home, in the following days Mandela met with friends, activists, and press, giving a speech to an estimated 100,000 people at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium. [364], Mandela identified as both an African nationalist, an ideological position he held since joining the ANC,[366] and as a socialist. He later stated that he did not join the party because its atheism conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw the South African struggle as being racially based rather than as class warfare. [15] Both his parents were illiterate, but being a devout Christian, his mother sent him to a local Methodist school when he was about seven. During his presidency, he worked towards national reconciliation. [197] Botha was replaced as state president by de Klerk six weeks later; the new president believed that apartheid was unsustainable and released a number of ANC prisoners. Nelson Mandela’s Road to the Presidency May 9 th, 1994 marked one of the most significant – and previously unimaginable – milestones in modern African history as Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as President of South Africa. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government. But if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940, Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949, Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954, Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961, Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988–1990, Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004, Orders, decorations, monuments, and honours, Mandela used the spelling Rolihlahla, see for example, The text of Mandela's speech can be found at, the passes that they were legally obliged to carry, University of London International Programmes, Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding, Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa, Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa, attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre, South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Nelson Mandela, Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, "SACP statement on the passing away of Madiba", "SACP confirms Nelson Mandela was a member", "Ex-CIA spy admits tip led to Nelson Mandela's long imprisonment", "Mandela's response to being offered freedom", "Nelson Mandela's address to Rally in Cape Town on his Release from Prison", "This Day in History: April 27, 1994: South Africa holds first multiracial elections", "Mandela becomes SA's first black president", "How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup", "Healing inequalities: The free health care policy", "Land Reform Policies in South Africa Compare To Human Rights Internationally", "No. [355][356] Zuma publicly announced his death on television,[355][357] proclaiming ten days of national mourning, a memorial service held at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium on 10 December 2013, and 8 December as a national day of prayer and reflection. [293] He also faced similar criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba, and Libya,[294] and for his personal friendships with Castro and Gaddafi. He retired from active politics in 1999 but kept a busy schedule raising money for the Mandela Foundation. Nelson Mandela Foundation's Archive. 1996 : Divorces Winnie Mandela. [418] Constantly polite and courteous, he was attentive to all, irrespective of their age or status, and often talked to children or servants. [31] Mandela stayed in the Wesley House dormitory, befriending his own kinsman, K. D. Matanzima, as well as Oliver Tambo, who became a close friend and comrade for decades to come. [303], The new Constitution of South Africa was agreed upon by parliament in May 1996, enshrining a series of institutions to place checks on political and administrative authority within a constitutional democracy. Results 201 to 300 of 1135 . [440], By the time of his death, within South Africa Mandela was widely considered both "the father of the nation"[441] and "the founding father of democracy". [214] Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. Il a été le premier chef d'État non blanc de l'histoire de l'Afrique du Sud, ainsi que le premier à prendre ses fonctions après le démantèlement du système d'apartheid et l'introduction de la … 7 September, Mandela makes a crucial speech at the annual conference of the Congress of South Africa Trade Union (Cosatu) where he calls on the labour movement to transform itself from a liberation movement, to one that would assist in the building of a new South Africa. [48] In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Mandela for running away—before returning to Thembuland, where he died in the winter of 1942. [74], Thereafter, Mandela rejected Lembede's Africanism and embraced the idea of a multi-racial front against apartheid. The speech laid out a contingency plan for a scenario in which the ANC was banned. [435] His first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944;[436] they divorced in March 1958 under the multiple strains of his adultery and constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact that she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion requiring political neutrality. Our problems, while distinctive and special, were not unique, and a philosophy that placed those problems in an international and historical context of the greater world and the course of history was valuable. [65], In the South African general election in 1948, in which only whites were permitted to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated Herenigde Nasionale Party under Daniel François Malan took power, soon uniting with the Afrikaner Party to form the National Party. [124], The ANC decided to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 meeting of the Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, dont le nom du clan tribal est « Madiba », né le 18 juillet 1918 à Mvezo et mort le 5 décembre 2013 à Johannesburg, est un homme d'État sud-africain. In South Africa, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela is sworn in as the first black president of South Africa. [113] Mandela held secret meetings with reporters, and after the government failed to prevent the strike, he warned them that many anti-apartheid activists would soon resort to violence through groups like the PAC's Poqo. [337] In a speech marking the event, Mandela called for the rich to help the poor across the world. [369] Mandela was known to change his clothes several times a day, and he became so associated with highly coloured Batik shirts after assuming the presidency that they came to be known as "Madiba shirts". [132] In later years, Donald Rickard, a former American diplomat revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency, who feared Mandela's associations with communists, had informed the South African police of his location. He served as the President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. Over time, Nelson Mandela became a famous prisoner, and there were calls all around the world to ‘Free Nelson Mandela!’. [137], —Mandela's Rivonia Trial Speech, 1964[138][139], On 11 July 1963, police raided Liliesleaf Farm, arresting those they found there and uncovering paperwork documenting MK's activities, some of which mentioned Mandela. Found guilty, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; as he left the courtroom, supporters sang "Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika". He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. [234], Concerned that COSAG would undermine the election, particularly in the wake of the conflict in Bophuthatswana and the Shell House massacre—incidents of violence involving the AWB and Inkatha, respectively—Mandela met with Afrikaner politicians and generals, including P. W. Botha, Pik Botha and Constand Viljoen, persuading many to work within the democratic system. He agreed to do so on the conditions that all political prisoners be released, that Zulu traditional weapons be banned, and that Zulu hostels would be fenced off, the latter two measures intended to prevent further Inkatha attacks; de Klerk reluctantly agreed. [413] Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour,[414] he was known for being both stubborn and loyal,[415] and at times exhibited a quick temper. After becoming involved in the anti-apartheid movement in his 20s, Mandela joined the African National Congress in 1942. [350] The Archbishop of Cape Town Thabo Makgoba visited Mandela at the hospital and prayed with Machel,[351] while Zuma cancelled a trip to Mozambique to visit him the following day. Nelson Mandela Foundation's Archive. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a nonviolence anti-apartheid activist, politician and philanthropist who became South Africa’s first black president. [89] As a lawyer of aristocratic heritage, Mandela was part of Johannesburg's elite black middle-class, and accorded much respect from the black community. [346][347] After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013,[348] his lung infection recurred and he was briefly hospitalised in Pretoria. [316], Retiring in June 1999, Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. … The incident brought international condemnation of the government and resulted in rioting throughout South Africa, with Mandela publicly burning his pass in solidarity. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC funds; Mandela moved into the mostly white Johannesburg suburb of Houghton. The inside of Mandela's prison cell as it was when he was imprisoned in 1964 and his open cell window facing the prison yard on Robben Island, now a. Gracious but steely, [Mandela] steered a country in turmoil toward a negotiated settlement: a country that days before its first democratic election remained violent, riven by divisive views and personalities. [445] Some have portrayed Mandela in messianic terms,[446] in contrast to his own statement that "I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances. [354], After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50 local time at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family. He hoped that Ramaphosa would succeed him, believing Mbeki to be too inflexible and intolerant of criticism, but the ANC elected Mbeki regardless. [125] Leaving South Africa in secret via Bechuanaland, on his way Mandela visited Tanganyika and met with its president, Julius Nyerere. This legislation ensured that such tenants could not be evicted without a court order or if they were over the age of 65. https://worldhistoryinaction.blogspot.com/p/politics-presidency.html [75] Influenced by friends like Moses Kotane and by the Soviet Union's support for wars of national liberation, his mistrust of communism broke down and he began reading literature by Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Mao Zedong, eventually embracing the Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. He has done many speeches regarding AIDS and attempted to raise money and awareness. Another cool fact about Mandela is that he was a master of disguise. Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, affecting the actions of all protest groups. [459] Mandela was also criticised for his friendship with political leaders such as Castro, Gaddafi, and Suharto—deemed dictators by critics—as well as his refusal to condemn their governments' human rights violations. [66] Gaining increasing influence in the ANC, Mandela and his party cadre allies began advocating direct action against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced by the tactics already employed by South Africa's Indian community. There he studied English, anthropology, politics, native administration, and Roman Dutch law in his first year, desiring to become an interpreter or clerk in the Native Affairs Department. [374] Over the course of his life, he began by advocating a path of non-violence, later embracing violence, and then adopting a non-violent approach to negotiation and reconciliation. [402] His aristocratic heritage was repeatedly emphasised by supporters, thus contributing to his "charismatic power". But at the same time, South Africa and the African continent were part of the larger world. [370] Mandela nevertheless also expressed admiration for what he deemed to be indigenous forms of democracy, describing Xhosa traditional society's mode of governance as "democracy in its purest form". Under the Interim Constitution, Inkatha and the National Party were entitled to seats in the government by virtue of winning at least 20 seats. [324] Mandela publicised AIDS as the cause of his son Makgatho's death in January 2005, to defy the stigma about discussing the disease. [377] This willingness to use violence distinguishes Mandela from the ideology of Gandhism, with which some commentators have sought to associate him. These projects were followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the 46664 campaign against HIV/AIDS. After attaining his freedom, Nelson Mandela led the ANC in its negotiations with the governing National Party and various other South African political organizations for an end to apartheid and the establishment of a multiracial government. [87], Mandela obtained work as an attorney for the firm Terblanche and Briggish, before moving to the liberal-run Helman and Michel, passing qualification exams to become a full-fledged attorney. [258] The other cabinet positions were taken by ANC members, many of whom—like Joe Modise, Alfred Nzo, Joe Slovo, Mac Maharaj and Dullah Omar—had long been comrades of Mandela, although others, such as Tito Mboweni and Jeff Radebe, were far younger. Among his awards were the Nobel Peace Prize,[228] the US Presidential Medal of Freedom,[468] the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize,[467] and the Libyan Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights. [412] Privately, he lived an austere life, refusing to drink alcohol or smoke, and even as president made his own bed. [44] To continue his higher education, Mandela signed up to a University of South Africa correspondence course, working on his bachelor's degree at night. [450], Mandela's international fame had emerged during his incarceration in the 1980s, when he became the world's most famous prisoner, a symbol of the anti-apartheid cause, and an icon for millions who embraced the ideal of human equality. [340][341] Between 2005 and 2013, Mandela, and later his family, were embroiled in a series of legal disputes regarding money held in family trusts for the benefit of his descendants. Nelson Mandela intègre l'African National Congress (ANC) en 1944, afin de lutter contre la domination politique de la minorité blanche et la ségrégation raciale menée par celle-ci. During this time he received numerous awards, most prominently the Nobel Peace Prize in December 1993. [129] Upon returning to Ethiopia, he began a six-month course in guerrilla warfare, but completed only two months before being recalled to South Africa by the ANC's leadership. [145], In 1964, Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on Robben Island, remaining there for the next 18 years. [388] He denied being a communist at the Treason Trial,[389] and maintained this stance both when later talking to journalists,[390] and in his autobiography. [83] In May, authorities banned Transvaal ANC President J. [174] Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its Cold War allies US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism, and supported its suppression. [121] His membership had been hidden by the ANC, aware that knowledge of Mandela's former SACP involvement might have been detrimental to his attempts to attract support from Western countries. Mandela argued that there was a "third force" within the state intelligence services fuelling the "slaughter of the people" and openly blamed de Klerk—whom he increasingly distrusted—for the Sebokeng massacre. [487] Some of these, such as the 2013 feature film Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom and the 1996 documentary Mandela, have focused on covering his long life, whereas others, such as the 2009 feature film Invictus and the 2010 documentary The 16th Man, have focused on specific events in his life.
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